Gobalisation and Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

Gobalisation and Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example study will concentrate on the case of a Japanese organization, Toyota Motors Corporation, which has gradually gone up in the positioning of productive car fabricating organizations. As indicated by a few late news reports, it has assumed control over General Motors Corporation as the main organization as far as deals in the greatest car showcase on the planet: the United States of America. The theoretical is a 150-word (or less) rundown of the key purposes of the exploration paper and will advise the intrigued peruser what the examination paper is about, how the analyst assembled and broke down data, and what ends were detailed. The Introduction contains a concise foundation of the significant themes that would be explored and examined in the examination paper. This additionally contains the examination destinations of the paper, how the exploration would be done (research strategies), and how the information assembled would be dissected (techniques for information investigation). This bit would likewise spread out the key wordings that would should be characterized in the paper, for example, globalization, corporate social obligation, and creation chains. For motivations behind this starter proposition, the examination goal would be as per the following: â€Å"To evaluate and dissect the corporate social duty standards and practices of Toyota Motors Corporation (TMC) over its globalized creation chain.† For the examination study, the essential technique for information gathering is using auxiliary sources which are broke down under the direction of the exploration objective. Auxiliary sources are distributed materials originating from the organization concerned (Toyota Motors) or from other outsider sources, for example, diaries, industry, scholarly, government or semi-government reports, and papers. The Internet would likewise be useful in social affair auxiliary source information. These optional sources contain significant data on the subjects being considered, which are the globalization procedure, the creation chain,

Human Resource Management Global Strategies-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Human Resource Management Global Strategies? Answer: Presentation This report clarifies the worldwide human asset the executives procedures for Apple Company working in Australia and Singapore. The principle reason for the report is to make the correlation with respect to the effects of various social and institutional elements that are gotten from the embracing in Australia and Singapore human asset the board techniques on the creation and advancement of Apple Company human asset procedures. The report additionally assesses the positive and negative impacts of various human asset the board methodologies on the host nation laborers and directors. The report likewise centers around the issues or issues which emerged in dealing with the associations global specialist relations and how these issues will be overseen by the association. The report likewise inspects the diverse social and institutional settings of the Asia and Europe impacts on the Apple association dependent on ability improvement and remuneration systems. At last, the report set the be st human asset the board procedures for the Apple association that could be instituted by Company with the reason to urge their representatives to be inventive and creative and upgrade their client base so as to proceed with its accomplishment in future moreover. Outline of Apple Company As per Al-Dmour et al. (2014), Apple is an American global advancement association headquartered in Cupertino, California that systems, makes and offers client devices, PC programming, and online organizations. The organization's hardware items join the iPhone wireless, the iPad tablet PC, and the Mac PC. Apple's client programming joins the macOS and Ios working structures, the iTunes media player, iLife and iWork creativity and capability suites. Apple hierarchical structure is one of the key parts adding to the organization's fruitful progression. An association's hierarchical structure can set up open entryways for business improvement and it can likewise constrain goals on how the firm makes. If there should arise an occurrence of Apple's, the legitimate structure is basically a standard degree of administration with some key fragments from different sort of dynamic structure. As indicated by Alpkan et al. (2010), the accomplishment of the organization is related with progress a nd the organization of Steve Jobs, yet its legitimate structure isn't totally accountable for ensuring support for such action. Apple's is the world's most prominent information advancement relationship by wage and the world's second-greatest adaptable producer after Samsung. In February 2015, Apple changed into the principle United State relationship to be regarded at over US$700 billion. The affiliation uses 116000 full time sensitive specialists as of October 2016 and keeps up 498 retail locations in 22 countries at July 2017. It works the iTunes store which is the world's most noteworthy music retailer. As of January 2016, more than one billion apple things are reasonable being used the world over. Association's general yearly compensation totaled $215 billion for the monetary year 2016.The affiliation recognizes an unusual condition of brand commitment and has been over arranged as the world's most fundamental brand. In any case, it gets significant analysis with respect to the work practices of its legally binding specialists and its natural and business takes a shot at including the origination of source materials. As indicated by Armstrong and Taylor (2014), the primary focal point of Apple is to set up development and desire for new coming item and support and create on the firmly marked name. For this reason, Apple puts forth an attempt by planning and making the imaginative items for their clients and to grow the brand name all around the globe. Association working in Different nations In the main inquiry expressed in the report, Australia and Singapore nations are utilized to look at the effects of the worldwide human asset methodologies of Apple association. As per Bock et al. (2012), Apple is working rapidly to dispatch its things in nations like Australia and Singapore. The purpose behind picking these two nations for the Apple Company is on the grounds that these two nations are the least expensive nations as far as business. As Apple is notable for its advancement and plan and association additionally puts forth an attempt to prepare their representatives in such a manner so as to make imaginative items for the purchasers. The association has the best retail activity in the worldwide on the easygoing proportion of the dollars which is sold per square foot. A large portion of the organization activities are engaged in UAE and Europe. Since associations biggest creating is originating from Australia. The factor of the populace and financial advancement has sugg ested that this pattern is just prone to quicken. The organization has US$216 billion seaward as of the quarter fourth 2016 results. Putting a more noteworthy measure of this cash to use by broadening retail in Australia which is a nice usage of assets. Apple has kept on extending its retail impression in Australia. The advancement potential in Australia for Apple, specifically, is more unmistakable than various specialists have seen. These two nations grow the Apple business in wide terms all together the business objectives and targets (Bratton and Gold, 2012). In Australia, Apple has properly fixated from the start on China with 36 stores and in Australia with 22 stores. Apple's stores in the country will have multiplied for the present year. In any case, there will at present be less stores than there are in California. So also, Singapore nation is picked for the association with a particular ultimate objective to develop its business practices in the countries in Singapore. App le's Ios mastermind caused picks to up in every one of the five biggest countries in Singapore. As showed by Brewster and Bennett (2010), Apple iOS came back to an improvement over the majority of Singapore 's tremendous five markets, as it recorded its first year in year get in France since February 2015. In Singapore, Android's execution was blended, posting its most grounded year-on-year share drop in Germany since the start of 2015. The proportion of the screen was the standard buy driver for Android buyers over most of Europe's colossal five countries. Despite the truth, that the screening measure has made in criticalness as a buy driver since the dispatch of the iPhone 6 and at least 6, Ios purchasers are all things considered constrained by an increasingly wide once-over of portions, for instance, phone trustworthiness and quality and furthermore the possibility of the materials. The screen gauge measure was actually the best buy driver for purchasers purchasing Android phone s while iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus purchasers filtered out those phones for their trustworthiness, strength, and nature of the materials (Budhwar and Debrah, 2013). On the contrary side, Apple similarly centers around the most markets in Singapore as China is the most significant distance country on earth and a monstrous market for Apple while Singapore and Hong Kong are little markets with various western buyer properties and Bailey shared some perception into what Apple searches for while surveying augmentations. This obsession with existing Apple customers looks good since they are the guideline ones who can use the turn of events anyway it might lead any impel segment into countries in areas like Southeast Asia where more affordable Android contraptions gather Apple and others on piece of the pie. Effects of social settings on associations human asset the board rehearses As per Campbell et al. (2012), the human asset systems of Apples show the social contrasts between various nations that sway on the worldwide human asset the board practices of Apple's association. Australian and Singapore have diverse social contrasts settings that influence the Apple human asset the board rehearses and furthermore impacts workers and directors. The fundamental social settings between nations in Australian and Singapore that show the contrasts between the various nations are as per the following (Chang and Huang, 2010): In the factor of sentiment and judgment, Australians speakers ordinarily show their emotions in a genuine manner. As per Coget (2011), they have to guarantee that their centers are being passed on and being inconsiderate in not their desire while Singapore individuals love analyzing, they can really examine a topic for a significant time span and still marvel what the ends are. As indicated by Counte et al. (2011), in the factor of work organizing, Singapore individuals will in general be progressively mindful in setting up a relationship to get advance and be effective while for Australian individuals relationship the board assumes a significant job in person's business society. Then again, taking care of the HR in the assorted societies, economies and the legal framework gives a few difficulties. As per Crane and Matten (2016), the most well-known issue to the fruitful human asset the executives is multifaceted change, different organization esteems, contrasts in the administration style and the board deals. Australian and Singapore nations follow diverse human asset the executives approaches and human asset the executives rehearses that sway the Apple human asset rehearses. It is a troublesome activity to move the human asset arrangements and practices to an alternate nation. Human asset the executives rehearses are broadly affected by the host nation's way of life and business strategies and way. Human asset the executives practices of the association are affected by within and outside condition of the business (Donaghey et al., 2014)). The inward condition in work culture of the association and the outside condition are nation's business association, adv ertise attributes, and industry rehearses, etc. The asset the executives appli

Bonn, Games, Bonn

Bonn, Games, Bonn DID YOU KNOW? The 17-year life cycle of the cicada is a natural defense against predators since it is a large prime number, no potential predator could possibly prey on the cicada without also evolving into a 17-year life cycle I bought a JuniorTicket for 13.40 from the Leverkusen train station. It lets me take the trains and buses around the city where Im living Köln or Bonn as much as I want. Even though it pays for itself after about four uses, I have only a tenuous grasp of personal economics, therefore I try to take the bus home every day instead of waiting around for my French friends to give me rides, and I go to Köln as much as humanly possible. Saturday I discovered that the ticket was also good for travel to Bonn, so I went down there with my roommate Kunal and every intention of sightseeing and watching both World Cup games. And a digital camera. Picture entry. Actually, we didnt even bother consulting a guide or anything and decided to just wander around the pedestrian zone, which, navigationally speaking, resembles the Lost Woods from Legend of Zelda. In the end, about the coolest thing we saw in Bonn was Beethovens birth house, which was closed by the time we got there. Not that there could have really been too much of interest inside, I think, unless they preserved the sheets from the night he was born, or had a live Beethoven reenactor like that one episode of Amazing Race 4 in Vienna. I took this picture of the screen of the France-Brazil game immediately before Brazils last indirect free kick, so I could memorialize how close France came to beating Brazil. Yeah, maybe I just wasnt believing very hard. But I was, of course, rooting for France the whole time, because I always subconsciously root for the underdogs, and also because Zinedine Zidane is astounding. On the way home, we ran into Jerome, I think wearing one of the hats that Sams Mom made for our senior year musical production of Les Miserables. Jerome gives me a ride to work most mornings, but the night after this picture was taken, I had to take the bus instead. Hey, its just another 2.20 ticket I saved myself from buying. On July 3rd, we had a barbecue to celebrate the 4th of July. This is virtually unjustifiable, because the barbecue itself ended before midnight, and American time is behind Germany time anyway. But Germany was in the semifinals on July 4th and we figured that we wanted people to actually come to our barbecue. Coupled with our fantastic idea of throwing it in the parking lot of our dorm, we did manage an attendance of almost 40 people of all nations for some classic American cuisine. No, really. You dont know what American cuisine is? Well, hot dogs, duh. Its not a barbecue without hot dogs. These happen to come packed in a jar of brine solution, but they are still valid hot dogs. Interestingly enough, in München I ordered the special Bavarian meatloaf traditional of the region and ended up being served what basically amounted to a hot dog shaped into a little loaf size, plus the best mustard that I have ever tasted in my entire life. See, Ling 07 approves of the hot dog, especially with Vanessas homemade chili con carne on top. Because what is more American than chili con carne? JELL-O. Especially USA-shaped Jello. We had the perhaps overly-ambitious goal of preparing separate red and blue JELL-O USA sculptures, using a special mold that Stephanie found, and then covering them in spray whipped cream. Neither of them set, but as MIT engineers, Ling and I were able to prepare this, uh, thing. Finally, a Thai girl whose name I cant even pronounce, let alone spell in English, enjoys a smore with Katy 08. While the international crowd seemed to pretty much expect everything else we served, like hamburgers and grill fare, I think that the smores took them totally by surprise. I mean, honestly, who thought of a smore? You can say all you want about blood sausage and eating frog legs and cow brain and whatever. That might be a little gross, but I dont know if I can think of a single dish that is so completely arbitrary in its composition and preparation as a smore. America, youre so fine, you blow my mind.

Economic View Of Raising The Minimum Wage Essay - 1791 Words

Economic View of Raising the Minimum Wage Minimum wage has been a touchy subject for decades, but especially in this election year, it is more profound than ever before. With candidates screaming at each other, it’s important for the citizens of America to know the facts about minimum wage along with the costs and benefits. Continue reading to discover the truth about wages in America. From a small business owner perspective, it is safe to say people are split 50/50 about raising the minimum wage. The supporters think a raise will have more positive externalities than negative. For example, some predict more money will be in worker’s pockets which will allow them to buy more goods from small businesses and therefore, aid small businesses (Harrison, J.D., 2014). Continuing with this idea, if worker’s have more money, then there will be more money put back into the economy, in general, benefitting all businesses—not just the small ones. Another prediction, f rom small business owners, is increased worker productivity. This increased productivity is caused by the incentive to work hard when it is rewarded (Harrison, J.D., 2014). On the other hand, not all small business owners agree with a raise in the minimum wage. In fact, some see no benefit at all arguing they are barely surviving after the previous raise in federal minimum in 2007 (Harrison, J.D., 2014). To put it simply, some can’t afford to pay their workers more at this time. Still, others say a raise simply wouldn’tShow MoreRelatedMinimum Wage And The Wage1639 Words   |  7 PagesMinimum wage is one of the many microeconomic policies that serve to correct imbalance in the economy. It is defined as the lowest amount of remuneration required of an employer to pay his employees during a given period of work. There exist different laws in different states that can fix the minimum wage policy. A current economic issue is minimum wage, or specifically, its pertinence t o social inequality. Many sectors of society would be affected by changes in this policy. Minimum wage relies onRead MoreTodays Social And Economic Inequality Is A Matter People1343 Words   |  6 Pages Todays social and economic inequality is a matter people are faced with in their daily lives. Many Americans are currently unable to reach their full potential due to the lack of financial stability in the work force, and are incapable of providing stable income for their dependents. Krugman, like many Americans, believes that change is the only way to help close the ever-growing gap between upper class Americans and those who are middle class or below poverty level. In Krugman’s essay â€Å"ConfrontingRead MoreIf Minimum Wage Raise Up945 Words   |  4 PagesIf Minimum Wage Raise up In many cases in the U.S. people are suffering from the very low hourly wages. According to David Cooper: â€Å"As wages go down, the percentage of workers relying on public assistance gets higher: 60 percent of workers earning less than $7.42—only slightly higher than the $7.25 federal minimum wage—receive some form of means-tested public assistance.† Because the minimum wage is so low, many people are forced into programs, such as Medicaid, food stamps and the Earned IncomeRead MoreArticle Rebuttal: Minimum Wage Essay1192 Words   |  5 PagesArticle Rebuttal: Minimum Wage Over the years there has been much debate about raising the federal minimum wage. Some states have taken it upon themselves to set higher minimum wages than the federal minimum wage, because of the lack of action by congress. The supporters of the raising of the federal minimum wage have been more vocal lately. This is especially true since studies have shown, that the gap has grown between the wealthier population, and the middle class. Recently President Obama, becauseRead MoreBenefits Of Raising The Minimum Wage908 Words   |  4 PagesIn our modern society one of the seemingly least controversial topics is the minimum wage. The popular opinion wants to raise the minimum wage, but is the popular opinion always right? Throughout recent years, politicians have made promises to raise the minimum wage to help low-income earners live a better life. Contrary to popular belief, raising the minimum wage actually hurts low-income earners and low-skilled workers. We must first define a low-skilled worker. A low-skilled worker does not meanRead MoreMinimum Wage1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe standard minimum wage level has been a controversy over its insufficient wages set for working class Americans. The minimum wage was established to protect unskilled workers from being exploited by employers’ low pay. Introducing the minimum wage provided stabilization in the workplace, but as the cost of living increases, working Americans are demanding a livable wage. In the recent past, the American dream fadedness changed the way Americans view the economy. For many wageworkers, the AmericanRead MoreEssay on The Debate over Raising the Minimum Wage1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe federal minimum wage was raised to $7.25 an hour by Congress in 2009, something that has been carried out only a handful of times since the establishment of the wage in the Fair Labor Standards Act in 1938. Even with this modest rise in income, the minimum wage today does not provide for a decent standard of living. It has failed to keep pace with the wage growth of an average American worker. The minimum wage was intended provide a minimum standard of living; to aid in alleviating povertyRead MoreShould The Minimum Wage Be Raised?1307 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD THE CURRENT MINIMUM WAGE BE RAISED TO $15.00? Fred Wehmer Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Author Notes Fred W. Wehmer, Professional Aeronautics, Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Contact: wehmerf@my.erau.edu ABSTRACT Fred W. Wehmer Embry Riddle Aeronautical University Rolf Hemmerling /ECON 211 11 October 2015 This paper will explore the pros and cons of raising the current minimum wage to $15.00. It will start with the history and reasons for the minimum wage. It will cite theRead MoreMinimum Wage Should Be Increased1057 Words   |  5 PagesRebecca Nevins Meredith Sides English 101 16 November 2015 Minimum Wage Should Be Increased Congress enacted the federal minimum wage in 1938, during the Great Depression. Congress had two goals; keeping workers away from poverty and boosting consumer spending for economic recovery. Today, there is a debate, whether we should increase the minimum wage again. Increasing the minimum wage is useful for several reasons. First, the current minimum wage has failed to keep up with inflation. Second, a higherRead MoreEssay on The Minimum Wage Should Be Increased1048 Words   |  5 Pagesfederal minimum wage in 1938, during the Great Depression. Congress had two goals; keeping workers away from poverty and boosting consumer spending for economic recovery. Today, there is a debate, whether we should increase the minimum wage again. Increasing the minimum wage is useful for several reasons. First, the current minimum wage has failed to keep up with inflation. Second, a higher income level reduces employee turnover and increases efficiency and ultimately, raising the minimum wage d oes

Are Women Earn 77 Cents On The Dollar Versus Society

We’ve been told this lie before, even from the President of the United States. Women earn 77 cents on the dollar compared to men. (Kessler, Glenn) There have been articles, reports, and social media activism promoting equal pay. I’m here to take an unpopular, but necessary, opinion. The wage gap as you know it is a myth. It’s a product of bad statistics and bad economics. The largest factor behind wage inequality, of the sexes, is getting men and women into different occupations without societal judgment. Men are focusing on jobs with higher economic outlook, and women are focusing on jobs that are most beneficial to the community. (Solis, Hilda S, Keith Hall) While there is nothing wrong with that, it does lead to a perceived pay disparity. This issue is fundamentally misleading and economically illogical. It is being posed as unequal work for equal pay, when the reality is that it’s an unequal workforce. It’s been argued by some that the addition of women to certain fields has been known to lower average wages. This may be explained by considering that when you add more supply to an occupation, the demand needs to increase as well or the prices will stagnate or fall. A study would have to control for overall number of occupants in a field relative to its demand to prove this. The purpose of this essay is to explain how you actually determine pay inequality, what it actually is, and what is actually causing the statistics we’re seeing. This movement caught fireShow MoreRelated Discrimination in the Workplace Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pages Discrimination in the work place towards women is extremely common and occurs in everyday life. You can prove this by explaining how women in the workplace get paid, get promoted and get treated based on their sex. Sex discrimination in the workplace comes with many different faces. In its most basic form, it involves outright exclusion of women, solely by reason of their gender. Even where women have gained access to the workplace, sex discrimination may persist in other ways. ExamplesRead MoreThe Social Problem Of The Gender Wage Gap3058 Words   |  13 PagesApril 8 is â€Å"Equal Pay Day,† which is an event where the main purpose is to raise awareness in regards to the social problem of the gender wage gap. The president makes his announcement that women still earn only about 77 cents for every dollar a man earns. There are people advocating left and right for women to take a stand and sue their employers for wage discrimination or make demands they want the government to fulfill. The question becomes whether or not what everyone is fighting for is actuallyRead MoreSocio Cultural influences on sexuality809 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ When examining influences on sexuality one has to look at many different factors. One of those factors that has an influence on sexuality is the culture or society that person is from and their expectations of sexual behavior. Gender identity, their roles, and stereotypes associated with a person’s gender also play a part. Finally the psychological impacts of these expectations and how commercial sex influences expectations and perceptions of sexualityRead MorePushing the Glass Ceiling1840 Words   |  7 PagesWomen have been pushing at the glass ceiling for years, but have yet to shatter it. The glass ceiling has prevented women from reaching their highest potential in the work force. The inequality between men and women has been prevalent because of unfair stereotypes and the idea that women are unfit leaders. Ann Morrison describes the glass ceiling as a barrier â€Å"so subtle that it is transparent, yet so strong that it prevents women from moving up the corporate hierarchy†(Empowering Women). It is oftenRead MoreKate Talk By Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie1643 Words   |  7 PagesShe states that this is the first definition of feminism she encountered, when she was told by her childhood friend that she was a feminist. This definition is also brought up in Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead by Sheryl Sandberg. She presents statists regarding this definition. She says that when women are asked if they are feminists, 24% say that they are, but when they are presented with the definition, the percent jumps to 65%. She says that our success lies in understanding what weRead MoreSex Based Discrimination Within The Workplace Essay1821 Words   |  8 Pagesworkplace Women make up 49.5% of the population in the world (The World Bank, 2016). On April 08, 2014, President Obama had announced a national statistic during his State of the Union address. â€Å"Today, the average full-time working woman earns just 77 cents for every dollar a man earns...in 2014, that s an embarrassment. It is working.† -President Obama, remarks on equal pay for equal work, April 8, 2014 Women work an extra 68 days to earn the same pay as a male. The lower pay for a female versus a maleRead MoreRace, Class, And Gender2137 Words   |  9 Pagesthat are associated with race, class, and gender of all people and how they are affected by the three main characteristics that make individuals who they are. Of course, I knew and associated racism and stereotypes with social issues concerning our society in terms of race. Before taking Social Issues, I associated race with racism and stereotypes as most people do. But as the course continued I found a new respect and understanding of race, class, and gender and the stereotypes, racists comments,Read MoreBusiness Law Final Essay2880 Words   |  12 PagesTitle Course Instructor Date Women’s Progression Through Employment and Labor Laws The United States of America is known as the land of the free and home of the brave. Americans are privileged to live in a society where there are laws created and continuously enforced to ensure the protection of the citizens’ rights. Law-breakers have consequences and punished for their wrongdoings and not obeying the law. The government is expected and challenged to practice equality in all decisionsRead MoreGender Inequality : The Workplace Against Women2153 Words   |  9 PagesGender Inequality in the Workplace against Women SOCI 3432 M50 Professor Stockton April 26, 2016 Shandrika Jackson Over the last ninety years, women have battled to become equal with men in all aspects of life and work (Parcheta, 2013). Male domination and power has become the social assumption as gendered occupations and beliefs have been projected throughout society as the status quo. Though challenging, this status quo is still present. Women have manufactured huge developments in careerRead MoreThe Body Development And Composition Of Men And Women Essay2297 Words   |  10 Pages From the beginning of time, men and women have competed against one another over many aspects of life. By this, I mean intellectual differences, work ethic, and how each gender is suppose to behave in society. The examples above cannot be, in any way, biased towards any particular gender; meaning when it comes to education, work ethic, and social roles, men and women are completely equal and should be treated as such. However, when referring to the physiological differences between the body development

What is the Impact of Downsizing Free Essays

As the studies below indicate, layoffs have a number of negative effects not only on workers in different industries, but also on their communities and the market as a whole. Although it has been said that downsizing can be economically beneficial to companies, the following shows that there are two sides to this issue. Over the past decade, the workplace has altered considerably in terms of job stability. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the Impact of Downsizing or any similar topic only for you Order Now People have either experienced layoffs firsthand or directly known someone else who was impacted by re-engineering, downsizing, outsourcing or acquisition. For employees adversely affected by these changes or for those who do not completely understand why these changes are occurring, the effects can be very disturbing and impact both their personal and job life. A variety of different industries have been impacted by layoffs, not only manufacturing. For example, hospitals like other companies and nonprofit organizations have experienced downsizing that has negatively impacted healthcare employees with varying degrees of psychological distress and poor health. In a 2002 study, Greenglass, Burke and Fiksenbaum showed that restructuring and its changes can result in lower job satisfaction and job insecurity. The researchers studied the relationship between impact of restructuring, job satisfaction, job insecurity and absenteeism in nurses. The results were similar to earlier studies indicating that job insecurity can often have harmful consequences for individuals. Job insecurity has frequently been reported to lead to decreased psychological well-being (Dekker Schaufeli, 1995; Ferrie et al. , 1998). In a study of Finnish employees, Kinnunen et al. 2000) reported that job insecurity, which led to negative relationships with colleagues and superiors, was still being noted at least one year after the event. The respondents of the Greenglass study, who consisted of 1,363 nurses employed in hospitals that were undergoing extensive restructuring, first filled out a self-report anonymous questionnaire. Results of this study demonstrated that the impact of hospital restructuring had a direct effect on job satisfaction, which in turn then had a pointedly negative impact on absenteeism and on job insecurity. In addition, the study found that the more the nurses believed hospital restructuring had lowered the quality of health care and had had a negative impact on working conditions, the less likely they were to experience job satisfaction and the more apt to report feelings of job insecurity. Findings further demonstrated that job satisfaction functioned as a intermediary between the impact of restructuring and job insecurity: That is, lower job satisfaction resulting from a greater impact of restructuring led to decreased job security. The impact of restructuring also placed an indirect effect on absenteeism through job satisfaction. The lower the job satisfaction, resulting from restructuring, the more likely the nurses were to be miss work. These results were similar to prior studies that linked layoffs with an increased amount of job insecurity. Campbell-Jamieson, Worrall, Cooper (2001), for instance, compared responses from managers in three different business settings: organizations that restructured and downsized in the previous year, those firms that restructured without downsizing, and companies that had not restructured. Managers in organizations that had downsized had less job security, lower organizational commitment and reduced morale. Research has also demonstrated that reorganization can lead to greater emotional turmoil, including such feelings as anger, anxiety, cynicism and resentment (O’Neill Lenn, 1995). Burke Nelson (1997) found that this is most likely the result of a variety of negative observations throughout the restructuring, such as the belief that workers were treated unfairly, the psychological contract was eroded, and future employment would be insecure. The findings by Greenglass additionally showed that the restructuring impacts job insecurity in both direct and indirect ways. In other words, an effect of downsizing is lower satisfaction with one’s job. This is most probably the result of disillusionment as well as feelings of being let down by the company and uncertainty about one’s employment in the future. Decreased job satisfaction then leads to lower job security. The researchers do note, however, that these increased feelings of disillusionment and decreased feelings of job satisfaction and job security can be reduced if the organization’s administration does its best to offer support, information sharing, and input into decision-making. To the degree that healthcare workers believe they are important to the hospital and that the institution cares about them and their opinions, the effects of restructuring can be considerably decreased. The impact of downsizing on workers is a combination of both the psychological and physical. Kivimaki et. al (2000) conducted a study to explore the underlying mechanisms between organizational downsizing and deterioration of health of employees. He found negative changes in work are associated with the declining support from aspouse, and increased prevalence of smoking. Sickness absence rate from all causes was 2. 17 times higher after major downsizing than after minor downsizing. Adjustment for changes in work, for instance, physical demands, job control, and job insecurity, diminished the linkages between downsizing and sickness absence by 49 percent. Adjustments for impaired social support or increased smoking did not change the relationship between downsizing and absence from illness. Such conclusions were unaffected by sex and income. Kivimaki concluded that the exploration of potential mediating issues offers new knowledge concerning the possible causal pathways connecting organizational downsizing and health. Downsizing results in changes in work, social relationships, and health-related behaviors. The noticeable increase in certificated sickness absence was partially explained by simultaneous increases in physical demands and job insecurity and a decline in job control. A reduction of employees leads to a number of negative effects; the closing of an entire plant or business can even result in greater problems. The recent economic history of Cleveland County, North Carolina, has been distinguished by factory closings, business layoffs, and significant unemployment rates. More than 3,500 workers have lost their jobs in this area in the last four years. This, in fact, may even be an underestimation, since it applies to events that involve 50 or more workers at a time. Many other smaller firms have fired workers as well. Such numbers are extremely significant since the county’s labor force only numbered around 42,000 workers to begin with. Layoffs have been devastating to workers and their families. In the very best cases, unemployed workers were able to find other work, but normally there was a temporary loss of income and a reduction in pay. In the worst situations, these workers remained unemployed forever, either because they lacked the necessary skills for available jobs or believed themselves too old to move or go back to school. In such situations, economic dislocation also creates problems for the greater community. When unemployment rates rise, there is an increased demand for services at a time when communities are experiencing sharp declines in tax income. These decreases often result in poorer quality education, a deteriorating infrastructure, and larger welfare rolls, which make it more difficult to attract new businesses to the area. Thus, it is not always just the employees who are impacted when there is restructuring. A literature review of downsizing studies by Farrell (2000) also showed the connection between downsizing and the impact on market orientation. Specifically, his report gave evidence that (1) trust and commitment are keys to understanding the exchanges between a company and its workers; (2) the form of restructuring strategy will impact upon the degree of trust between personnel and senior management (Mishra and Mishra 1994) and will also directly effect the firm’s market orientation; (3) the type of downsizing strategy and trust level will directly impact worker commitment to the firm’s goals of creating high-quality customer value; and (4) employee commitment to such company values will impact the level of market orientation (Narver, Slater and Tietje 1998). Survivors of downsizing are impacted as well, as seen in a number of studies. In a longitudinal study, Moore, Grunberg and Greenberg compared 1,244 white- and blue-collar workers who recalled either zero, one, or two exposures with layoffs; all participants were personnel of a major industrial company that had had several large episodes of layoffs. They found that employees with the greatest number of contacts with downsizing both direct, or personally targeted, and indirect, coworkers laid off, noted considerably lower levels of job security and higher levels of role ambiguity, desire to leave their jobs, depression and health concerns. Contrary to what some others had thought, their findings did not support the notion that workers more quickly recover as they encounter a larger number of downsizing episodes. They also found only partial evidence that the similarity-that is, either repeated direct or repeated indirect layoff contact–or dissimilarity-that is, a combination of direct and indirect contacts–of the form of repeated downsizing exposure played a role in the amount to which personnel noted changes in outcome variables. Similarly, Masi (2000) looked at several pervasive ideas: First, that negative effects on the employees’ morale who have survived downsizing may be so harmful to overall productivity that they overshadow any immediate economic gains the workforce reductions may bring. Second, those managers who are capable of eliciting trust and organizational commitment among employees as well as generally good labor relations may largely reduce or even eliminate the possible ill-effects of downsizing. Third, is it true as a number of political economists who are critical of the free-market model in the U. S. have argued that a crucial factor in helping reduce the fears and anxieties caused by industrial layoffs is the degree of employment and/or income security available to employees outside their current place of work? Fourth, recent research concerning the presence of unions suggests that the overall character of the industrial relations system will strengthen or weaken the negative effects of downsizing. In his article, Masi reported findings from a Swedish-Canadian comparison of blue-collar manufacturing workers who had been exposed to various kinds of change, including downsizing. The results provided strong support for the belief that experience with layoffs has a strong negative impact on survivor concerns everywhere. Simultaneously, there is also some evidence supporting that the amount of externally provided security has some mitigating effect on survivor worries, and the presence of unions within a strongly adversarial system of labor relations can increase such concerns. However, the quality of labor-management does not seem to have much of a helpful effect on the negative impact of downsizing. In the future, as downsizing continues, additional studies will have to be conducted to determine long-range impacts on individuals, their families, communities and the economy as a whole. How to cite What is the Impact of Downsizing, Essay examples

Effect of Remote Systems in Car Industries

Question: Discuss about the Effect of Remote Systems in Car Industries. Answer: Introduction Use of remote system employs the use of modern communication technologies such as computers in running car industrial production processes. The element is crucial in the industry since it led to the improvement of in the visibility of operational car industries regarding operations and the condition of systems, equipment, and devices. The systems are also paramount in aiding improved operational productivity and efficiency by leveraging the power of information technology automation. The remote system used in this perspective is the digital group's remote monitoring and management. The utilization of the scheme has led to the growth and expansion of car industries and even easing service delivery in the sector and also in the operation of the product produced ranging from maintenance of the product to security of the product as well(Tao, et al., 2015, p. 1). The paper gives some of the ways remote system management has affected car industries. Market Access It is significant in broadening access to a market of the newly manufactured vehicles. Companies are also able to establish clear differentiation amongst car makers regarding the products made. Examples of such platforms entail Google and Apple that have auto and car play smart phones integration. Good remote management systems ensure that opportunities for new technologies are given a room which has encouraged innovation and invention in the automobile industries. Hence, enhancing production of new improved brands of vehicles that are faster regarding speed, more durable, comfortable and less fuel consumption. Creation of networks of independent services Remote system management has enhanced provision of networks of independent services.This has been improved through the creation of service division offering telematics. Examples include BMW and Acura brands. It has enhanced manufacturers to deploy and update connected quickly, and services and even the human machine interface with vehicles thereby ensuring continual compliance with changing regularities or guidelines. Quality of production has been improved Ensures the system has basic characteristics such as the capacity to launch and keep applications to date. Such requests have reduced the cases of car breakages. Hence, durability has been enhancing due to the use of remote systems in producing manufacturing of automobiles. Access to services It has led to easy access to services.An example is an application such as car care app links helps drivers of vehicles to obtain maintenance, warranty, and vehicle information schedule service appointment and dealership. Another example is the production of the wireless car which is an automatic telematics service provider that has provided production companies with customized telematics services to put to an end global basis customers. Restructuring of companies It has led to the repositioning of businesses whereby due to the introduction of remote system management, companies have manufactured connected brands, a top priority in the industries. In this essence, the car companies have adopted thinking like electronic companies. The traditional production companies are repositioning themselves to fit the current era and also new players are joining the arena(Simpson, 2014, p. 22). To sum up, the aspect of employing remote system management in car production as evidenced in the above discussion, cars industries have grown to a profound extent in terms of quality production, secured vehicles that are easy to track when stolen, new systems introduced resulting to repositioning of the industries, easy access to market and services. The system has, therefore, let to growth in the automotive sector to a large extent. References Simpson, J., 2014. Autonomous vehicle regulations must protect the user's privacy; consumers watch dogs.. 1 ed. Chicago: online blog. Tao, J., Sajid, H. Anand, T., 2015. Self -Driving Cars : disruptive or incremental?. Innovation Review Journal, 1(1), pp. 1-20.

Bengal Tigers Essay Example

Bengal Tigers Essay Example Bengal Tigers Paper Bengal Tigers Paper Royal Bengal Tiger The Royal Bengal Tiger, once known as the reigning feline of Asia, are now on the brink of extinction. This beautiful species is quickly disappearing due to human activity. Land development has pushed back forestry, which is making it almost impossible for tigers to survive in their range of natural habitat. Additionally, even though it’s illegal to own, hunt or trap tigers, poachers continue to trap and sell tiger parts on the black market. Furthermore, tigers are being separated by â€Å"population fragmentation† which prevents them from mating and producing healthy cubs. Although conservation centers are providing safe havens for tigers, they are not seeing the results they expected. Royal Bengal Tigers are a majestic and alluring animal that will no longer exist if humans continue to poach them and take away their natural habitat. Due to massive human population increase in India, tigers have lost most of their natural habitat in the rain forest. According to the World Wildlife Federation, â€Å"Royal Bengal Tigers have lost 93% of their range and habitat in the last forty years. At the expense of tigers, forestry and grass lands were destroyed to develop land for agricultural and housing use to accommodate the accelerated population of humans. Jonathan Wright, an expert on Royal Bengal Tigers, explains that male tigers are loners and do not share their hunting grounds, with other males’ only females; they need a large home range. Each male tiger requires 20-30 square miles to mate, hunt and roam, however, this natural process cannot take place without the sanctuary of trees, grasslands and vegetation tigers need to exist. A large amount of forest range in Asia as has been destroyed to improve the lives of humans but has endangered the existence of tigers. Although, it is illegal to hunt, own or kill a tiger, the reduced size of the forest has made it easier for human poachers to trap, kill and sell them on the black market. A National Geographic article says, there were over 100,000 Royal Bengal Tigers just over 100 years ago but now there are less than 2,000 in the wild and about 300 in captivity. These numbers show that there has been a high demand for tigers and their body parts for a long time. According to Tigers in Crises, â€Å"Using tiger body parts in traditional Chinese medicine is nothing new, but what is new is not being able to meet the huge demand for the body parts. † Not only is there a demand for a Tigers fur, rugs and coats, but their bones and organs are also in demand. A small bowl of tiger gall bladder soup cost $320. 00. Not one medical treatment using tiger parts has been proven to cure or even help any illnesses. The high demand for a tigers body parts and the unbelievable prices that human will pay are what encourage greedy poachers to trap and kill these endangered tigers. Population fragmentation,† is another dangerous threat the Royal Bengal faces, prevents the tigers to mate and reproduce healthy cubs. According to the Environmental Investigation Agency (EAI) in London, â€Å"As habitat is lost, people move farther into what was the forest. Groups of tigers become separated from one another by villages, farms, fences and roads. † Tigers in one area can no longer mate with tigers in nearby areas. Instead, tigers breed with the same small group of animals. Over time, this inbreeding weakens the gene pool and tigers are born with birth defects. Many inbred cubs don’t live to the age of two. If more land is not given to tigers in the wild they will be extinct by 2022, and those living in conservation centers will soon follow. Conservation centers are safe havens to protect tigers with hope to save them from extinction, the results are disappointing. Leigh Pitsko, a zoologist, studied many of the conservation centers and discovered that some of the cats had strange habits. The tigers would pace back and forth and twist their head from side to side. She discovered the tigers were doing these strange behaviors because they were stress and bored. The area they lived in was too small for them to run, roam and hunt. Many tigers raised in these centers would eventually get released into the wild but were not surviving. While living in conservations, tigers would not hunt for food, workers would prepare it for them. So when they were released in the wild they would starve and die. Conservation did not have live animals for the tigers to hunt, so they never learned how to hunt their prey. Conservation centers want to help tigers but they need their natural habitat to survive. All in all, if humans don’t stop poaching tigers and taking their land there will no longer be Royal Bengal Tigers for us to look at in awe. In the near future we will talk about the beautiful majestic cat that once existed. But, this does not have to happen. If more land is preserve for them to roam and hunt and mate. In their natural habitat they can multiply in a safe and healthy environment. Also, laws against poaching, selling and buying tiger body parts need to be strongly enforced with punishment. Tigers can still be saved and eventually taken off the endangered list, if and only if, humans can keep their paws off the tiger and their land. Royal Bengal Tiger Introduction (thesis statement) Tigers are a majestic and alluring animal that will no longer exist if humans continue to poach them and take away their natural habitat. I. Due to massive human population increase in India, tigers have lost most of their natural habitat in the rain forest. A. Loss of range and habitat because of humans B. Tigers need large range areas II. Although, it is illegal to hunt, own or kill a tiger, the reduced size of the forest has made it easier for human poachers to trap, kill and sell them on the black market. A. Poaching for coats, rugs, B. Poached for medicine III. â€Å"Population fragmentation,† is another dangerous threat the Royal Bengal faces, prevents the tigers to mate and reproduce healthy cubs. A. Tigers become separated B. Tigers cannot breed IV. Conservation centers are safe havens to protect tigers with hope to save them from extinction, the results are disappointing. A. Tigers don’t act normal B. Don’t know how to survive in the wild Conclusion All in all, if humans don’t stop poaching tigers and taking their land there will no longer be Royal Bengal Tigers for us to look at in awe

Within Christianity Essays

Within Christianity Essays Within Christianity Essay Within Christianity Essay Within Christianity there are a wide range of symbols which represent what is believed. Christian buildings are themselves symbolic, as are the things inside of them. Similarly, Christians use colour and music for different occasions to symbolise different things. All of these aspects of Christianity can be different in size and style (modern or traditional) depending on which denomination is being represented.In terms of Christian buildings, the architecture and design is often symbolic. There are three main types of buildings; cathedrals, orthodox churches and free churches. Cathedrals are usually large and this demonstrates their importance. They were historically built at the centre of the community to represent Gods kingship on Earth. Inside cathedrals and parish churches, the altar is the focus of attention as this is where the main act of worship takes place. Methodist churches often have smaller altars than other denominations. The lectern is where the word of God is spoken and it can be in the shape of an eagle which symbolises the spreading of Gods words. Orthodox churches are often built in the shape of a cross which represents the sacrificial death of Jesus Christ.The large dome on the top of the church symbolises Christs presence, eternity and the nearness of heaven. Inside, orthodox churches are often richly decorated with carvings that represent the life of Christ. Free churches, on the other hand, are where Baptist meet and these meetings happen in simple halls where the pulpit is the focus of attention. The pulpit is slightly raised which makes worshipers look up to hear the word of God, thereby symbolising the importance of preaching from the bible. The font is usually near the entrance of the church and symbolises people entering the Christian faith. It is where people are baptised with water and water symbolises the washing away of original sin as well as cleansing and replenishing.Inside orthodox churches, there are often a range of icons, statues and stained glass windows all of which are symbolic. Icons are paintings (mostly of saints) and are often greeted by worshippers with a kiss on entering the building. They are used to represent the presence of saints and as a means to pray. Inside large cathedrals and churches, there are often colourful murals or frescoes and beautiful stained glass windows depicting biblical stories. For centuries the finest work of leading artists was made for churches all to offer to God the highest expression of worship (ie the artists hard labour) and to create a sense of awe and wonder. Candles symbolise God making light on the first day and smoke which goes up to heaven. The hassock symbolises respect and a humble approach to God through kneeling. Doves are symbols of peace, purity and reconciliation.Similarly, Christians use colour and music for different occasions to symbolise different things. Yellow and gold represent birth and joy and as such are associa ted with Christmas, the virgin birth of Jesus Christ. At Christmas, the star symbolises guidance which remind us of the three wise men. Black represents death and is associated with funerals. Red represents blood and at Holy Communion, bread and wine symbolise the body and blood of Christ. White is associated purity and along with lilies and is associated with weddings and Easter.Church music is also symbolic in Christianity as it is used to praise God and to express belief. Mozart, Bach, Beethoven and similar great composers wrote music for worship. Hymns have been part of Christian worship for many centuries and the words are often taken from passages of scripture. In protestant churches, choirs have an important role in giving leadership to singing. In Christianity, there are many different types of musical instruments that are used in worship form organs to brass instruments and guitars. The music used in Christian worship can be solemn and dignified or loud and lively depending upon the type of church and the occasion. The type of instrument and mood of music is often symbolic of celebration or sadness.Symbolism plays a vital part in religious expression. Christian beliefs are commonly expressed through worship in ritual form (for example baptism) and that is also a kind of symbolism. In Christianity, ICTHUS is an old symbol, it symbolises Jesus (I), Christ(C), Gold (H), Son (TH), Saviour (US). Similarly,Alpha Omega symbolises Jesus being everlasting and reminds Christians of Jesus presence at the beginning of time.

Government intervention in the market for various agricultural Essay

Government intervention in the market for various agricultural products - Essay Example This situation may especially prevail when foreign agricultural products are allowed indiscriminately into the market (Dommen, & Mabbs-Zeno,  1989, 98). The government is therefore sometimes forced to maintain a tough balancing act between a free market economy and intervention when the need arises in this particular market to prevent the adverse extremities from occurring (Rothbard, 2008). This paper discusses the circumstances under which such a government intervention can take place with particular reference to the case of the United States of America. Factors Resulting in Government Intervention in the United States The United States government has for long been involved in attempts to enhance profitability in farms through deliberate policies and programs. This is usually done through measures such as regulation, protection of trade, promotion of products and price control and support of income. The government controls the types of food produced, the volume in which they are p roduced, the volume exported and those imported. ... Interestingly, this money came from taxes imposed on the same agricultural sector. The jury is still out on whether the attempt to create jobs is really succeeding considering that the same money taken from farmers in the form of taxes could be used by the same farmers to create jobs. This argument has however not deterred the government from bulldozing on with this policy (Robbins, 1976,  144). The problem with taxation is that it pushes prices of commodities up thus eroding the buying power of the consumer. However, this has to be counter-balanced with the reality that poor quality products that do not adhere to health standards also push up medical bills for the same consumers who complain if prices of commodities go up. The government prefers higher health standards rather than very low food prices (Dommen, & Mabbs-Zeno,  1989, 98). The dynamics of government taxation and the prices of commodities are best expressed in figure 1 below. Figure 1 Change of Equilibrium Due to Tax s tax s 1 P r i p tax c p 1 e (p) D q tax q 1 Quantity (q) In the figure above, the old price [p1] increases due to tax [p tax] while to old quantity [q1] decreases to a smaller amount [q tax]. As a result of these changes, the old supply curve [s1] shifts vertically to the new one [s tax]. Note that the difference between p1 and p tax. This difference is equal to the amount of tax levied which the sellers pass on directly to the consumers (Plott, 1982, 1485). The consumers are therefore left with the option of buying the old quantity at a higher price or a smaller quantity at the old price. The net effect of this taxation is that less of the particular product is sold than before since in many cases the buyers will opt

Natural and Common Logs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Natural and Common Logs - Essay Example This problem was solved in 1594 by a Mathematician from Scotland, known as John Napier, who introduced a set of logarithmic numbers. (Nagel, 2002, 2006) Today, they are used in modern scientific methods as well, such as calculations for computer science applications and algorithms. Finding out the efficiency of a certain algorithm, the time it takes to solve particular instructions etc. other than that, for many years, logarithms have been used in physics, chemistry, biology in calculating statistical data and values. Logarithms are used in graphical representation of the collected data and can also be used to forecast a trend based on the given data. In the field of engineering, exponentials can give you a hard time determining correlations between events and factors. In such cases, a logarithm can make the problematic function linear and provide a pretty accurate approximation. This makes solving it easy. The graphical representations of logarithmic functions can be much easier to analyze than complex ones and give a better understanding. An example would be of biology, in which the growth of an enzyme is being monitored. Suppose the function provided is: Converting a logarithmic function into an exponential function can be done in a simple way. A logarithmic function is the reflection of an exponential function in the line y = x. ... An example would be of biology, in which the growth of an enzyme is being monitored. Suppose the function provided is: Y = ln x (9.5), where x is the variable that strains the growth of the enzyme. The graph for it would look like:(Zorn, n.d) The graph provides a linear and simple representation, without the use of logarithm, this could be a very problematic function to deal with. Logarithm to Exponential Converting a logarithmic function into an exponential function can be done in a simple way. A logarithmic function is the reflection of an exponential function in the line y = x. for example, the equation we took above, y = ln x (9.5) would become y = ex(9.5). the graph for the exponential function would look like:(Zorn, n.d) Here, we clearly see that both graphs are laterally inverted. Proof: Y = ln x(9.5) After reflection in the line y = x; X(9.5) = lny Now recall that if ln x = y, then x = e y Therefore if ln y = x, then y = e x so; y = ex(9.5) Works Cited 1. L. Bostock, S. C. (1990, 1994, 2000). Core Mathematics for Advanced Level. Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes. 2. Nagel, R. (2002, 2006). Logarithm. Retrieved June 20, 2008, from enotes.com Encyclopedia of Science: http://www.enotes.com/uxl-science-encyclopedia/logarithm 3. Zorn, W. (n.d.). Function Grapher Online. Retrieved June 20, 2008, from walterzorn.com:

Impact Of Climate Change On Bangladesh Environmental Sciences Essay

Impact Of Climate Change On Bangladesh Environmental Sciences Essay The world is undergoing a broad set of global changes, like changes in population density, climate, resource use, land use, biodiversity, and urbanization and globalization processes. Climate change is one of the drivers of global change, which has over the years been received strong focus by scientists, policy-makers and leaders of the world (Vitousek, 1994). At present climate change is considered as emerging global threat that not only induces physical environmental impacts but also affects the social structures, economic factors and the overall development process (Birkmann, 2010). This emerging threat has introduced a new social community named Climate Refugee especially for the affected developing nations. The UN currently states that more refugees are displaced by environmental catastrophes than wars, and the number of the climate refugee is more than 25 million which is likely to become 50 million in coming decades (Meyers, 2002). Out of those 25 million people about 10 milli on are from Africa who are directly affected by the climate change via droughts. The second largest group is from coastal areas of Asian countries, who are affected by natural disasters like cyclones, storm surges, floods, salinity and droughts (Anon, 2010). The cumulative effects of climate change exacerbate food and water insecurity, loss of biodiversity and ecosystem, environmental degradation and human insecurity through social conflict, political conflict and violence in the affected developing countries (Adger and Kelly, 1999). Hence, the socioeconomic structures are undermined in these countries where the affected people are compelled to switch over occupations for livelihood. These are the people who can no longer ensure a secured livelihood in their origin of dwelling (Mayers, 2002). Together with climate change effects, population pressure problem and hardcore poverty have induced a notable change in the whole economic structure of these countries. As a result, these countries are suffered from chronic socio-economic inequality and social instability (Barnett, 2007). Bangladesh often makes top news all over the world. However, unlike most other countries, it is not because of politics but for devastating natural catastrophes causing huge death tolls and massive destruction. This South Asian LDC, since her independence in 1971, has been struggling with a number of socioeconomic and socio-political problems such as- rapid population growth, poverty, illiteracy, gender disparity, slow economic growth, institutional inertia, political instability, violence and so on. But from last two decades she started struggling with a new problem- the adverse effects of climate change in the form of natural disasters (Miliband, 2009). Over the last two decades these disasters have become regular phenomena contributed miserable suffering to millions of inhabitants who are vulnerable to the climatic shocks (GoB, 2005). In other words, climate risk for Bangladesh is relatively higher than most other countries of the world. The Global Climate Risk Index prepared by G ermanwatch shows that Bangladesh is at top of the ranking of most affected countries by climatic extreme events over the last two decades. Table 1.1 shows the overall ranking made by Germanwatch. that the most common disasters are flood and cyclone. Recent IPCC assessment reports (TAR, 2001 and AR4, 2007) also reveal that over the last two decades both of the above-mentioned disaster-events have become more frequent and devastating for Bangladesh. It is learnt from IPCC reports that 5-10% increase in wind speed is very lik On basis of above-mentioned table, it is easy to apprehend why Bangladesh was cited numerous occasions in COP15 held in Copenhagen in 2009. At present this country is more likely to exposed towards climatic extreme events than most of the countries in the world (UNFCCC, 2009). These events, in form of natural disasters range from ravaging cyclones to devastating floods (Muhammad, 2007). Following Table 1.2 provides an overall idea on most devastating disasters occurred in Bangladesh since early twentieth century. This table shows likely during the cyclone-season in Bangladesh that would eventually enhance storm surge and coastal flooding, while 10-20% increases of wind intensity can cause floods both in coast and inlands as the cyclone makes land fall (Agarwala, 2003). It has been assessed that an increase of 2Â ° C temperature and a 0.3 m sea level rise would cause a cyclone in the costal belt of Bangladesh as strong as cyclone of 1991; furthermore, such a cyclone is likely to result in a 1.5 m higher storm surge that may inundate 20% more land than 1991 cyclone (Ali, 1996). The most recent example of costal cyclone as possible effect of climate change is SIDR which battered the coastal belt in Bangladesh on 15th November 2007. The wind speed was about 220 to 240 km/hour and at least 3,113 people were known dead and more than 10,000 were missing; the damage due to this disaster had been around US$ 2.3 million (EMDAT, 2009). The intensity of SIDR was not less than the 1991 cyclone in some part of the coastal areas and the impact was even more than that. Furthermore, on 27th May 2009, another devastating cyclone named AILA hit the South-western part of Bangladesh and West Bengal of India, which exacerbated the suffering for the affected people in Bangladesh; although an early warning system enabled the evacuation of an estimated 2.7 million people to higher ground and cyclone shelter-houses (BBC, 2009). It is predicted that a single meter rise of sea level would inundate more than 18% of the coastal belt and will affect 11% of the total countrys population. Two-third of the whole country is only 10 m above the sea level; therefore, about 13 million of the total population may likely to be homeless and become environmental refugees as the victim of climate changing process (Huq et al, 1999). Khulna and Barisal, the costal divisions of Bangladesh are relatively disaster-prone, where about 3.2 million people are at risk and about one-eighth of the countrys agricultural lands and more than 8,000 communication networks are likely to be affected due to climate change effects (Parvin, 2010). 1.2 Statement of the problem About one third of the territory of Bangladesh is delimited as coastal areas which are combined of distinctive opportunities, diversified threats and vulnerabilities (HarunOrRashid, 2009). It is because coastal areas possess different geo-physical and environmental characteristics that distinguish the coastal zone from rest of the country. These distinctive characteristics are interplay of tidal regime, salinity in soil and water, cyclone and storm surge; with economic and social implications on the population (PDO-ICZMP, 2003). Hence, such identical geo-physical pattern has introduced a completely different livelihood pattern, where people are involved with selected coastal economic activities like fishing, salt production, fry collection from the sea and resource collection from the adjacent mangrove forest (Ahmed, 2003, Islam, 2004). Although the coastal areas are much more fertile land for agricultural production, these areas are relatively income-poor compared to the rest of the country. Average per capita GDP (at current market price) in the coastal zone was US$ 402 in 2008, compared to US$ 621 for the whole country on average (GoB, 2009; CDP, 2009). There are ten different ethnic communities living in the coastal zones and they have complete different cultures and livelihood patterns. Along with the nontribal people, those ethnic communities completely depend on the coastal natural resources for their livelihood (Kamal, 2001). Their despair and dream, plight and struggle, vulnerability and resilience are uniquely revolved round in an intricate ecological and social setting which make their livelihoods distinctive from other parts of the country to a considerable extent. The Government of Bangladesh has already recognized coastal zone as areas of enormous potentials. In contrast, these areas are lagging behind in socio-economic development and vulnerable to different natural disasters and environmental degradation (Sevaraju, 2006). For a LDC like Bangladesh where the climate change takes a shape of natural disaster not only affects the socio-economic condition of coastal communities but also hinders obtaining an optimal GDP growth (ADPC, 2007). Climate change poses a significant threat for Bangladesh, particularly the projected climate change effects include sea level rise, higher temperature, enhanced monsoon precipitation and run-off, potentially reduced dry season precipitation and increase in cyclone intensity in this region (Agrawala, 2003). Those threats would induce serious impediments to the socioeconomic development of Bangladesh including coastal areas. A subjective ranking of key climate change effects for coastal Bangladesh identifies cyc lone and sea level rise as being of the highest priority in terms of severity, certainty and urgency of impact (Parvin, 2009). National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA) and other scholars have identified the coastal areas of Bangladesh as one of the most affected areas in the world due to the threats of climate change effects (GoB 2005). In the southwestern part of Bangladesh the physical isolation of coastal communities makes them highly resource-dependent available around the coast and adjacent mangrove forest (the Sundarbans), which reduces their opportunities to access to alternative livelihoods indeed. These hindrances make the coastal communities vulnerable to any disruption, especially to natural catestrophes. As a result, households in coastal communities suffer from imbalance of social and economic powers, lack of participation in decision-making, limited or zero asset ownership, and laws and regulations influencing peoples ability to use assets or access to resources (Pomeroy et al., 2006). 1.3 Justification of the study There are only a few number of studies have been conducted on coastal Bangladesh. These studies are mainly conducted on hazard warning and evacuation system (Paul and Dutt, 2010), health security due to disaster (Ray-Bennet et al., 2010), physical injuries during cyclones (Paul, 2009), and coastal hazards and community-coping method (Parvin, 2009). So, most of these studies focused on the coping and adaptation mechanisms in coastal areas. However, we hardly find any study that addressed the socioeconomic vulnerability in local level of coastal zone, especially in the southwestern part of Bangladesh. Hence, without identifying local-level vulnerability pattern the suggested coping or adaptation mechanism is likely to be least effective in reality. In this study we attempt to fill up the knowledge gap by identifying quantitative local-level vulnerability at first; then we try to look for optimal adaptation options based on empirical relationship between vulnerability and important soci oeconomic parameters. We selected Koyra upazila as our study area, which one of the most disaster-prone areas in southwestern coastal zone of Bangladesh. 1.4 Research questions and objectives of the study Considering all the above-mentioned facts, we proceed with the discovery of logical answers of following research questions; What is the symptom of climate change in the study area? Which major climatic factors constitute for climate change here? Which factors exacerbate such vulnerability? Is there any single factor or multiple factors? What is the nature and magnitude of relationship between this vulnerability and socioeconomic factors in the study area? What are the possible adaptation options in terms of capacity for the vulnerable households in study area? The above-mentioned research questions are addressed by the study objectives. Hence, the main study objectives are; To understand and figure out the manifestation of climate change in the study area, To quantify socioeconomic vulnerability and assess the nature and magnitude of the relationship between vulnerability and major socioeconomic parameters of the study area, and To identify and recommend the optimal adaptation options in terms of capacity of households in the study area while addressing socioeconomic vulnerability. 1.5 Outline of this study This study consists of nine chapters. Let us have a glimpse at the brief contents of all the chapters chronologically. Chapter one is introduction. It provides an overall scenario on Bangladeshs status in relations with climate change effects. We briefly discuss about the problem statement and then we identify the possible knowledge gap of socioeconomic vulnerability in the study area. We conclude this chapter by mentioning a number of research questions, which are addressed by three main objectives of this study. In Chapter two we focus on the theoretical background and theoretical framework for this study. Under theoretical background we mention and briefly discuss relevant literatures in accordance with our study objectives. Then we depict the theoretical framework for this study, which is used for quantifying socioeconomic vulnerability of the study area. We mention about the methodology of this study in Chapter three. In this chapter we focus on types of research that we have adopted in this study. Then in accordance with study objectives we mention associated data type, collection techniques and data sources. We also mention the sampling method and sampling size. The construction of vulnerability index is discussed in this chapter. Finally we conclude by mentioning the impediments those we faced while accomplishing this study. Chapter four deals with the description of study area Koyra. We mention important information about geographical location, administration, topographic, physiographic and socioeconomic condition. We include a Disaster Calendar for our study area that we made by collecting information from households. Chapter five deals with identification of climate change effects and quantification of socioeconomic vulnerability at local level of study area. In this we show possible climate change effects in the study area based on empirical data and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) findings. Later we quantify vulnerability for each union by applying the Vulnerability Index. We show union-wise vulnerability with the help of maps. Once we have quantified vulnerability, we conduct a number of econometric analyses in Chapter six in order to show relationship between vulnerability and important socioeconomic parameters of study area. We mention the major findings from analyses in two different tables. We also put brief explanation of models and variables used in this study. In Chapter seven we discuss the major findings obtained from model analyses in elaborated way. Here we also mention the possible reasons behind the nature and extent of relationship between vulnerability and socioeconomic parameters of study area. At the end of this chapter we check the consistency of vulnerability index by applying an alternative approach. Subsequent regression coefficients of alternative approach are also tested and compared with the old model results. Based on the results of relationship mentioned in chapter six and seven; we recommend the optimal adaptation options for the affected people through brief description in Chapter eight. We also draw few of our recommendations on basis of correlation between different variables. The existing adaptation options in study area are also mentioned in Chapter eight. We conclude this study in Chapter nine. We summarize major findings from this study in a nut shell. Besides, we focus on shortcomings of the approach we used to quantify vulnerability. In fine we mention the issues that we did not address in this study where further research can be conducted.

Imperialsim †proper and legitimate course Essay

Have you ever wanted something because you felt you deserved it? Throughout history people have wanted to expand and take what they wanted. It is human nature to want things and set goals to acquire those wants. Imperialism was a proper and legitimate course of action for the U.S. Imperialism is the proper thing for America to practice. Reverend Josiah Strong wrote Our Country stating, â€Å"The highest civilization will spread itself over the earth. â€Å"This means that Americas are better than all the people who we took the land of. Alfred T. Mahan wrote The Interest of America in Sea Power which says, â€Å"The growing production of the country demands it.† This means that America needs to expand to allow more people to purchase our products. President McKinley said, â€Å"we could not leave them to themselves they were unfit for self government.† This means that our way of government is so much better than theirs in our eyes that we must take over them to help them prosper. Albert Beveridge, a Republican senator from Indiana said, â€Å"Almighty God He has marked us as His chosen people.† This means that it’s our god given right to pursue more land. Henry Cabot Lodge stated â€Å"Taking Philippines does not violate the princ iples of the Declaration of Independence, but will spread them among a people who have never known liberty.† This means he want us to force freedom on the Philippines and eventually more people. Imperialism is legitimate and proper however some people disagree with this statement. Senator George F. Hoar says â€Å"under the Declaration of Independence you cannot govern a foreign territory, a foreign people, another people than your own†. This being said means that many things America has done goes against the declaration which is unjustifiable. Anti-Imperialist League said, we hold that the policy know as imperialism is hostile to liberty and tends toward militarism, an evil from which it has been out glory to be free.† This is basically saying that imperialism is evil and goes against liberty. In conclusion, Imperialism was a proper and legitimate course of action for  the U.S. Imperialism is a very controversial topic that can prove to be just or not in many ways. In the end if America did expand we would of wasted or true potential to be what we are now. If one this imperialism isn’t just how ever then why will there option matter because without land there would be overpopulation and lack of commonly used resources.

Professional Football Training and Development

Football is among the topmost popular sports in the modern world and is characterized as an intermittent, high intensity and non-continuous exercise. However, there is still a lot of debate and uncertainty surrounding the sport’s physiological requirements as a result of the overemphasis of skills which lead to the neglect of physical fitness, difficulty in scientific study of the sports as well as the conservative training methods that are mainly employed in the development and training of professional players. There has been an evolutionary trend in the professional football such as changes in the roles that players have, a greater frequency of fixtures to play and new tactics and strategies that continue to increase the all round fitness demands for players. This paper thus wishes to explore periodization: theory and methodology in the professional training and development of football players with specific focus on physiological perspectives. The research theorizes that the utilization of specialization training that is based on a comprehensive multilateral foundation is the most effective training method necessary to develop a professional football player. Introduction Professional football training and development is a process that should be governed by the principles of training. The core objective of these processes is top increase the footballer’s sporting skills and ultimately his/her level of sporting performance. Professional football training and development has to cover the various performance aspects or components that are normally employed by a player in a match. These include tactical, technical, social/psychological and fitness training. In order for an athlete to compete as a professional football player from a physiological perspective, they need to have high levels of fitness so as to cope with the physical demands that the game requires as well as be able to utilize their technical abilities throughout the whole game. As such fitness training is an important part of the professional footballer’s training programme. The most important characteristic of a football fitness training program is that it should closely resemble match-play as much as possible. As such the main part of the training for fitness exercise should incorporate a football as this has several advantages. Firstly, the players are able to develop tactical and technical skills under similar conditions to those that they will be subjected to during a match. Secondly, this trains the specific muscle groups that are used when paying football. And finally this has been known to provide greater motivation for players as opposed to training without the ball (Ekblom, 1994, p. 124). Type of Training to be applied The overall development of the player should strike a balance between specialized training and multilateral development. As such, the earlier stages of training and development should be based on multilateral development which mainly targets the player’s overall physical development. As the player becomes more developed, the component of specialized training specific to skills needed in football steadily increases. As such the trainer or coach should have a clear understanding of the need for each of the two training stages and how the focus from one to the other changes as the player develops (Bompa & Haff, 2009, p. 1). It is important to incorporate multilateral development in the formative periods of training program that wishes to develop and form a professional footballer. This is because it lays the ground work for the later steps in training that will be more specialized. The proper implementation of this principle will enable the player to have a developed physiological; basis that is essential for optimized performance necessary for professional football. This will ensure that the player has a high level of technical mastery as well as the physical preparation that translate to higher performance levels. The coach or trainer should avoid being tempted to ignore multilateral training for specialized training especially when the player becomes technically adept early in the process of training and development as this may compromise the player’s ability to sustain their optimal physical form once they get into professional football (Bompa & Haff, 2009, p. 32). A sequential approach to the development of the player that progresses from the multilateral training to specialization is essential as the player matures so as to maximize their sporting potential. The multilateral stage includes multisport skills, some football specific skills and multifaceted motor development. As such the player undertakes a variety of exercises that allows him/her to fully develop his/her physiological system. For example, this phase of training allows the cardiovascular, neuromuscular and the energy systems to be activated in a number of ways. It is only when the player attains an acceptable level of development can him /her progress to the next phase which involves more specialization. It is important to note that this stage of development does not exclude specificity in its elements of training and on the contrary aspects of specificity of training should be maintained in all the stages of the training and development program although in varying proportions. Thus at this level specialization is minimal but increases in percentage as the player matures. This helps the player to have a foundation necessary for future development and also helps him/her to avoid staleness and overuse injury in future training and match-play (Bompa & Haff, 2009, p. 2). The adoption of a comprehensive multilateral phase in training and development should be capable of ensuring that the player is best suited for a professional career in football. Although the improvement of performance is slow at the beginning it gradual increases to peak at eighteen or older, an age when the player has reached psychological as well as physiological maturity and can be able to better handle the pressures of playing professionally. It also allows for progressive and consistent performance in competitions as well as a longer athletic career. Overall physiological development as well as a more progressive loading pattern results in fewer injuries for the player (Bompa &Haff, 2009, p. 34). Once the player is sufficiently developed, the training and development starts the specialization phase which is mainly non-unilateral. This training allows the player to adapt physiologically to football. Specific adaptation involves areas such as the metabolic demand, movement demands, muscle recruitment patterns, contraction type and force generation pattern. Also note that the type of training employed has very specific effects on the player’s physiological characteristics. For example, resistance training has effects ranging from alterations of the neuromuscular system, metabolic or bioenergetics pathways, and the contractile machinery. Conversely endurance training is capable of stimulating both the peripheral as well as the central adaptations, which include the modification of a player’s metabolic and bioenergetics factors, altering patterns of neural recruitment and stimulating alterations of skeletal muscle significantly. Contemporary research done on athletes has shown that the skeletal muscles exhibit largely characteristics of plasticity in response to different types of endurance and resistance training resulting in the deactivation or activation of the different signaling pathways on a molecular level depending on the type of exercise the player is subjected to (Bompa & Haff, 2009, p. 35). The overall fitness training programme should incorporate elements of intermittency, randomness and dynamism. Although this may make the training and development process of professional footballers seem complex it is absolutely necessary so as to condition them to the conditions of match-play. As such the training should involve randomly sequenced physiological processes. This proves to be a challenge for coaches in their quest to condition and develop players. However, players should be involved in training programs that offers specialization that is based on multilateral training at the beginners’ stage. The specialization phase is characterized by a progressive increase in intensity and total volume of training as well as the degree of specialization. Specialization in simple terms describes exercise training that mimic or parallel movement in football while the multilateral phase describes exercises that develop endurance, speed and strength. Many researchers have suggested that the best adaptation to training and development of a professional football player occur as a result if exercise specific and that utilizes the football and also exercise that is targeted at specific bio-motor abilities but only after a multilateral foundation has been comprehensively developed (Da Silva, Bloomfield & Marins, 2008). The fitness training and development programme should consider multiple factors so as to cover the various physical performance aspects that are required in football. As such the training needs to be divided into components that are based on specific physical demands that footballers experience during a match. Players experience varying exercise intensity during a training session as well as during matches. As such, the training must incorporate aerobic, anaerobic as wells specific muscle training. These two terms focus on the energy pathways that are dominant when participating in actual activity, either in training or in a match. Anaerobic and aerobic training represent exercise intensities above and below the maximum oxygen intake, respectively (Reilly & Williams, 2003, p. 7). Physiological state necessary for the success of a professional football player A professional football player covers a mean distance of approximately eleven kilometers in a ninety minutes game. This value is not representative of the total energy requirements on the player during a game since in addition to running a walking, the footballer also has to perform other acti vities that are energy demanding. These activities include changing direction, acceleration and deceleration, static muscle contraction, jumping, tackling and rising from the ground among others. The total energy expenditure is therefore determined by all the physiological factors in play that affect the footballer. Experiments done on elite players have shown that out of the total energy contribution in the maximal oxygen intake, 70 % is derived from aerobic sources (Tumilty, 1993). As such the training programs of elite players emphasize on training at such average exercise intensity for at least ninety minutes in order to emphasize the player’s ability to perform intermittent exercise for prolonged periods, in other words, enhance endurance. In addition a professional player should be capable of performing consistently at high intensity, sprint and develop a high power output (force) necessary for single match situations, for example, jumping, tackling and kicking. The basis for optimal performance in these categories is characterized by fitness in aspects of cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance and strength combined with interplay of coordination by the nervous system. These characteristics determined genetically but can as well be developed through proper training (Spinks, Reilly & Murphy, 2002, p. 3). Factors affecting efficiency in training and developing of football players Factors affecting the development and training of players include most importantly factors that the coach and the player can influence such as the player’s physical abilities; anaerobic power, aerobic capacity, strength/speed, agility/flexibility and coordination. Player’s Technical and tactical skills; control/passing, tack ling/shooting, knowledge/creativity and anticipation. Player’s Psychological factors: confidence, motivation, arousal, concentration. The player’s current status such as injuries being experienced, nutritional levels and psychological stability is also a factor in play during training. Factors that the coach or player do not have control over such as environmental and social factors such as the coach or trainer, family, friends, the climate, playing surface. Other factors include the gender of the player and the genetic endowment (Reilley & Korkusuz, 2008) Methodology Data for this study will be drawn from field work, documentary analysis and both formal and informal interviews. Also previous research as well as official publication from relevant bodies governing football will form the starting point for the inquiry relevant to this research. To understand the best method for training and developing professional football players, field observations will be carried out on three professional academies and three non professional teams in the United Kingdom that carter for youths wishing to join the senior teams. Data will also be gathered in these situations using formal and informal methods (Holmes 1991, p. 20). The data will then be analyses using the comparative investigation of physical education and sport developed by Holmes (1991). This will be with a view to suggest solutions to currently apparent problem and offer future programme improvements to the way training and developing professional footballers is currently practiced (Holmes, 1991,p 27).

Structural Racism And Racial Equity Analysis Essay

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